Objective: Active and passive smoking lead to the production of a number of oxidants and antioxidants with various adverse health effects compromising the immune system. Tobacco use increases the production of free radicals as well. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of passive smoking on total antioxidant capacity (TAC) of serum and saliva in rats.Methods: This experimental study was conducted on 18 rats with an age range of 7-11 weeks weighing 160-200 g; 9 of them were exposed to cigarette smoke 3 times daily for 8 minutes. The 9 controls were not exposed to cigarette smoke. After injection of 0.2 mg/kg midazolam and 0.5 mg/kg pilocarpine, serum and saliva samples were taken from subjects in the exposure and control groups at 0, 15 and 30 days. Serum cotinine was measured using ELISA kit. TAC of saliva and serum was measured using ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay. TAC values at different time points were statistically analyzed in each group using Repeated Measures ANOVA and compared between the two groups using t-test.Results: At baseline, no significant difference existed between the two groups in terms of serum cotinine concentration but at days 15 and 30, cotinine serum concentration significantly increased in the exposure group. At baseline and 30 days, no significant difference existed between the two groups of passive smoker and non-smoker in terms of serum TAC values but at day 15, serum TAC values were significantly higher in the exposure group. Also, TAC of salivawas significantly higher in the passive smoker group at baseline and at day 15 but at day 30, the difference in this respect between the two groups was not statistically significant.Conclusion: Based on the obtained results, changes in TAC of serum and saliva in rats due to exposure to cigarette smoke were compensated by their immune system activity. However, further investigations are still required in this respect.

This paper presents a particle swarm ant colony optimization for design of truss structures. The algorithm is based on the particle swarm optimizer with passive congregation and ant colony optimization. The particle swarm ant colony optimization applies the particle swarm optimizer with passive congregation for global optimization and ant colony approach is employed to update positions of particles to attain rapidly the feasible solution space. Ant colony optimization works as a local search, wherein, ants apply pheromone-guided mechanism to update the positions found by the particles in the earlier stage. A new relation is defined for the inertia weight, and the terminating criterion is changed in the way that after decreasing the movements of particles, the search process stops. With these changes, the number of iterations does not increase. The proposed method is tested on several benchmark trusses from literature. The result comparisons with particle swarm optimizer, particle swarm optimizer with passive congregation and other optimization algorithms demonstrate the effectiveness of the presented method.

Background: Islam is an important social provision with regard to the benefits and effects of unification, assembly and integration, in many religious programs focused on this aspect of prayer is the most beautiful example of unity of Muslims. Materials and Methods: This paper studies and discusses the factors affecting students' orientation to prayer. This study Social Survey, based on a questionnaire, the Cronbach alpha reliability based on data and information on the population, have been collected. The study consisted of all students of Kashan university. Cochran sampling formula was studied using 504 cases as the sample size which determined using a random sampling method. Results: Multivariate regression analysis showed that the tendency to prayer directly affected by religious variables (Beta=0. 31), Meet faith and prayer (Beta=0. 29), the quantity and quality meetings in the mosque (Beta=0. 16) and the appropriateness of the mosque (Beta=0. 13) was in total. These variables could explain 34 percent of variance tends to congregational prayer (R2=0. 34). The path analysis, the most direct impact on the variable prayers of friends tend to have prayers, and then variables familiarity with prayer and religious belief in general have the greatest impact on the dependent variable. Conclusion: In this study, four variables of religiosity, familiarity with prayer, quantity and quality of meetings in mosque and suitable space of mosque to education have the highest impact on students' participation in congregation prayer.

Islamic resources speak about sublime altitude of mosque as a socio-cultural institution. By enjoyment of various functions, this place has provided the causes of the development of Islamic culture and civilization from early Islam till now, therefore, providing the recognition of the mosque and its congregation imam, the causes of Islamic culture's enrichment in different scientific, didactic, devotional and social aspects can be achieved. These functions in the scientific-didactic dimension consist of holding regular religious courses and meetings to respond to questions and doubts of faith, providing a place for teens and youth leisure, training of conditions and how to implement of enjoining good and forbidding wrong, publishing the provisions of business and trade for the enjoyment of the Islamic market. Beside, in the devotional dimension, the mosque is a suitable place to remember Allah, set up religious fundamentals and collective worship. Also in the social dimension, this place can play its role as an effective doss for social unity, solving the problems of the poor, stabilization of family's fundament, peace of heart and mental health.

Objectives: Common denominator of all religions, human need to worship God and prayer is the most important element in all religions. Prayer is a personal matter between individual and God. But the Islamic approach emphasis is on congregational prayers .this study aims to determine the factors affecting the students’ participation in mass prayer ceremonies at shaheed Saddoghee medical Sciences University of Yazd. Methods: This descriptive-analytical study is cross-sectional. Stratified random sampling and sample size was 230. The data collection tool is questionnaire consisting demographic and 25 questions about the encouraging factors & inhibitors students to participate in mass prayer. The self-report questionnaire was completed and data were analyzed by statistical software SPSS version 16. Results: The results of the study indicate that 83.5% of university students participate in mass prayers and average scores of encouraging factors to participate in mass prayers are as follow: announcing the call of prayers: 0.90±3.04, believing in compensation and the spiritual reward in prayer: 0.93±2.98, call-to prayer attraction: 0.94±2.79, parents attention and their participation in prayers: 1.05±2.86 and effecting Factors on not participating in congregational prayers are the lack of familiarity with the laws and customs of prayer :0.95±2.75, coinciding prayers with classroom hours: 1.12±2.66 and food distribution hour coinciding with prayers:1.06±2.30. The results of the paper shows significant differences between Inhibitory effects of participation in prayers and participating in mass prayers (P=0.009 T=7.02). Conclusion: The authors of the research conclude announcing the call of prayers in educational environments have the greatest impact on the students for participating in mass prayers and not being familiar with the laws and customs of prayer have the greatest impact on the students for not participating in congregation prayers .the article indicate the that necessity of introducing the laws and customs of prayer to the students. Also, more efforts should be made to remove the barriers in prayer participation.

Meta-heuristics have already received considerable attention in various engineering optimization fields. As one of the most rewarding tasks, eigenvalue optimization of truss structures is concerned in this study. In the proposed problem formulation the fundamental eigenvalue is to be maximized for a constant structural weight. The optimum is searched using Particle Swarm Optimization, PSO and its variant PSOPC with Passive Congregation as a recent meta-heuristic. In order to make further improvement an additional hybrid PSO with genetic algorithm is also proposed as PSOGA with the idea of taking benefit of various movement types in the search space. A number of benchmark examples are then treated by the algorithms. Consequently, PSOGA stood superior to the others in effectiveness giving the best results while PSOPC had more efficiency and the least fit ones belonged to the Standard PSO.

mulla Sadra, on the basis of the principality of existence, the unity of the dubiety and the substantial movement and Ibn Arabi, on the basis of the unity of existence, believe in congregation in the meaning of the distinct manifestation of interiors of creatures such as plant, animal, and human in the resurrection and after death on the vast earth that deserves the manifestation of divine light and the angels and prophets’ intuition that they bring together all creatures and creatures in different groups. They also believe that the distinct manifestation of interiors in congregation is due to this fact that the interiors of creatures are the result of acts effect and also acts originating from the sensual uses (passion), which these goals as a result of repetition of acts which penetrate to the inside and outside achievemently. Mulla Sadra has been greatly influenced by Ibn al-Arabi in expressing and commenting on congregation positions such as intercession and path, so that in his writings there is no new talk except the expression of philosophical terms and arguments, but in contrast to such debates; the debates as well as various groups of people in congregation, the position of the Resurrection and auditing, apart from the limited influence he has received from Ibn Arabi, has given many new and detailed views in the form of philosophical arguments, and about transpiration position he is the only one describing it.

The article deals with influencing factors of students' participation in campus congregation prayer. Out of 1400 students, 300 were selected as subjects of the study, and were asked to answer questionnaires, the result of which is as follows:There is a direct link between the staff participation, how to pray instruction, and students' participation.There is a close link between the place, time and physical surrounding of performing the ritual and students' participation.There is a direct link between the status of Imam (prayer leader) as a cleric and encouraging students to participate.

Dynamically stable biped robots mimicking human locomotion have received significant attention over the lastfew decades. Formerly, the existence of stable periodic gaits for straight walking of passive biped walkers waswell known and investigated as the notion of passive dynamic walking. This study is aimed to elaborate thisnotion in the case of three dimensional (3D) walking and extend it for other maneuvers, specifically curvedwalking or turning. For this purpose, the motion of a general 3D compass gait model on a ramp has been analyzedtheoretically in detail. A comprehensive dynamic modeling with respect to the vertical fixed frame is used basedon Lagrangian and augmented methods. In addition to 3D passive straight walking, the results confirm theexistence of some passive turning motions for the biped walker towards the steepest decent of the ramp. It wasshown that the value of passive turning is strictly concerned to the value of initial perturbed condition of thewalker, especially to the value of heading angle. A parameter analysis was also accompanied to examine thechange in the characteristics of such passive motions caused by the change in model parameters.